THE YELLOW-BELLIED SAPSUCKER

The Yellow-bellied Sapsucker: Feeding Behavior and Tree Management

The Yellow-bellied sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius), a migratory woodpecker found in the eastern United States and Canada, is known for its unique feeding behavior, which sets it apart from other woodpeckers. Rather than drilling holes to find insects, sapsuckers drill into living trees to access sap and phloem tissues. During early spring, they test various trees to find those with high sugar content, preferring thin-barked species like birch and maple. While a few scattered rows of sap wells typically don’t harm trees, excessive holes—especially if they girdle the tree—can severely damage it. Girdling prevents the tree from transporting fluid through its phloem and xylem, which ultimately affects the tree’s health. Additionally, sap oozing from the holes can attract insects like bees and hornets, as well as wood-decaying fungi, which can further stress or even kill the tree. To manage this damage, several strategies can be employed. One effective method is to protect vulnerable trees by installing tree wraps or netting around the trunks to prevent the sapsuckers from reaching the bark. Visual deterrents, such as shiny objects like aluminum foil or reflective tape, or motion-activated noise devices can also discourage the birds. Applying tree-friendly adhesives or pastes to the trunk can make it harder for sapsuckers to drill holes, though it's important to ensure the substance is safe for the tree. Offering alternative food sources, such as sugar water feeders, can divert the sapsuckers from more vulnerable trees. Maintaining overall tree health through proper care, watering, and fertilization helps trees recover from minor damage. In cases of severe girdling, pruning or applying wound dressings can assist in healing. For extensive damage, consulting an arborist for tailored solutions may be necessary.